New tool predicts crop yields in the southeast of the USA

“Due to climate change, seasonal rainfall amounts in the Southeast are expected to fluctuate significantly from what we’ve seen in the past”, says Hemant Kumar, first author of a paper on the work and a Ph.D. student at North Carolina State University.

“For example, we are likely to see more periods of drought, as well as more periods of heavy rainfall during summers. Our model draws on climate, groundwater and agricultural data to do two things: help water managers make efficient use of the available water resources on a county-by-county basis; and help farmers in individual counties identify ways to maximize their crop yields by efficiently utilizing water and energy. We found that using deficit irrigation strategies, rather than conventional irrigation techniques, increased profits by reducing the pumped water amount by 14% (245,000 acre-feet) annually.”

The new tool, which the researchers call the regional hydroeconomic optimization modeling framework (RHEO), draws on a host of data. The model incorporates long-term and seasonal rainfall forecasts; groundwater level data from the U.S. Geological Survey; soil characteristics for each county; the water consumption of each crop; the cost of irrigation on a county-level basis; crop price data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and crop production budget data from other agricultural researchers.

Forecasts on yield and costs

“All of this data is fed into RHEO, which then predicts the yield per unit area for each crop on a county-level basis,” Kumar says. “For example, it would forecast how many bushels of corn, soy, sorghum or cotton you could grow per acre in a given county. It would also forecast what your irrigation costs would be for each of those crops and, taking those things into account, predict which crop and irrigation strategy would be most profitable and environmentally sustainable.”

In their paper, the researchers demonstrated the utility of the model by applying it to 31 years’ worth of historical data from 21 counties in southwestern Georgia.

Irrigation strategies

“We found that RHEO was able to predict variability in each of our four target crops, as well as identify irrigation strategies that would reduce related costs,” Kumar says. “Ultimately, this proof-of-concept work demonstrates that RHEO could be used to reduce energy consumption associated with pumping groundwater, improve water efficiency and boost crop yield.”

“Climate change increases the unpredictability associated with agriculture, but we’re optimistic that this tool will help growers and water resource managers deal with that increased uncertainty.”