Robot helps to better understand wind erosion

The Agricultural Research Service (ARS), part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, uses a robot to collect data and better understand wind erosion, which is a threat to the western U.S. rangelands that beef producers depend on for grazing.

“Robots are being developed for all sorts of uses. In this case, they will help us understand, and ultimately manage, the changing conditions we’re seeing on millions of acres of rangelands,” says R. Scott Van Pelt, of the ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit in Lubbock, Texas.

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University of Pennsylvania grad student, Sonia Roberts performs field testing with the (RHex) robot hexapod in the Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico. – Photo: R. Scott Van Pelt

Measure wind erosion

Van Pelt has been working for 3 years with University of Pennsylvania researchers on finding ways to use the university’s robot to measure wind erosion in rugged and remote areas where windstorms make 24-hour monitoring hazardous. Instruments that measure windspeeds and other conditions can be mounted on a robot about as easily as they could be placed at any stationary site.

Data from multiple sites will give a more comprehensive picture than data from just a few fixed sites, says Van Pelt. “It’s unhealthy to be out in a sandstorm collecting data, and all the equipment you need to collect it can be put on a robot,” he says.

RHex

The robot moves about as fast as a walking adult – about 5 feet per second – on cantilevered legs. It has an aluminum frame and weighs about 22 pounds. It is about 22 inches long, 15 inches wide, and stands about 3 inches off the ground. It can climb hills at a 25-degree slope, runs for about 2 hours on a battery pack, and has the contours, or profile, of a wagon with a “flat back” for mounting instruments. The scientists call it “RHex,” a contraction of “robot hexapod,” because of its six-legged design.

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The Robot Hexapod (RHex) can be modified with several different sensor attachments. Here the RHEX is fitted with sonic anemometers for measuring wind speed and direction and a LiDAR (top of mast). – Photo: R. Scott Van Pelt

At this point, researchers need to keep it within visual range to guide it. Van Pelt hopes to connect it to an automated guidance and collision-avoidance system within a year so that he and his colleagues can control it from 5 to 10 miles away and eventually preprogram its movements.

Changing wind and weather patterns altering western rangelands

According to ARS, there’s a critical need to understand how changing wind and weather patterns are altering western rangelands. The slow, soaking rains that have kept soils in place for generations are being replaced by sporadic major storms. Soils get washed away and deposited in areas where they are susceptible to wind erosion, and that creates more dust.

Changing weather patterns are also creating conditions conducive to the growth of invasive plants that cattle can’t eat, more patches of bare earth, and less grass to retain the soil. Sources of nutrition for cattle and sheep are being lost, and ranchers and beef producers who depend on rangelands for grazing are increasingly concerned.

Yet little is known about the effects of windstorms on rangeland soils and vegetation under different scenarios. Using robots could help scientists fill in those knowledge gaps.

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Texas Tech grad student, Tarek Kandjakji (LT) and visiting scholar Guoming Zhang performing field tests of the (RHex) robot hexapod. Here they are measuring shear stress distribution in wind just above ground level three times a second. – Photo: R. Scott Van Pelt

Valuable data generated

Van Pelt is just starting to work with the robot, which costs about $ 25,000. But initial testing with an earlier prototype, also developed at the University of Pennsylvania, has already generated valuable data, he says. For instance, it showed that sunlight creates random spots of buoyancy and turbulence in the wind fields at ground level – and that causes soil particles to start moving and rise into the wind. That isn’t apparent from the wind erosion models that have been developed over the years based on data collected using wind tunnels, he says.

Maps to identify erosion and dust emission “hot spots”

Most western rangelands are managed by state and federal agencies. With better data and improved computer models, rangeland managers will be better equipped to determine how many head of cattle beef producers can graze on rangeland sections allotted to them. Van Pelt also plans to use the data to develop maps that identify erosion and dust emission “hot spots” throughout the West.